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Where it is desired to get to reading connected texts as soon as possible, the translation of the English exercises may be omitted until the Spanish exercises have been completed.
After a careful study of these, a short time may be spent on the remaining tenses of the auxiliary and regular verbs ; then the student may pass on to the Spanish reading matter, page 292, and at the same time begin the writing of the English exercises. • 321-327 The present participle 328 The gerund .....
Secondly and chiefly, I wished to give ,a general review of the grammatical principles previously treated, and nothing could be found in a short space suitable for the purpose.
In the making of a grammar, where he has had so many predecessors, an author can lay but little claim to originality, particularly in the accidence, to which neces- sarily belong features common to all grammars. Pronouns — personal — demonstrative — relative — interrogative — indefinite VI. — regular Orthographic changes Formation of tenses Passive voice Reflexive verbs Impersonal verbs .
Public domain books are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover. X loses its ^-element, becoming s : espresar for expresar. It is hard to acquire, and persistent practice is very necessary. Words ending in j/ or a consonant, except s or «, have the stress on the ultima or final syllable : animal, sencillez, Echegaray. Words ending in a vowel or in n or s are accented on the penult or syllable before the last : padre, joven, lunes. All words not falling under these two rules must bear the written accent on the stressed syllable : rincon, jovenes, alferez, ademas. Note that when the terminations ia^ io^ te, ua^ ue, uo form separate syllables, the accent must be marked : astronomia, navio, envie, continiia, continiie, co/itiniio ; but astucia, serio, serie, antigua, pingue, exiguo.
Marks, notations and other maiginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the publisher to a library and finally to you. 8 is dropped, especially when final and before consonants : pue for pues. Also that all interrogative and many other words bear the written accent to distinguish them graph- ically from others of the same form but different meaning, while some again have it for no particular reason : c6mo {how?
The student would answer : La tierra gira alrededor del sol en un afio. When the Spanish Readings are begun, the same exer- cise might be continued.
In the syntax only such a general outline as the student will have time to master has been attempted.
In recent years there has been a disposition in some quarters to condemn exercises based on detached sen- tences, and a demand for connected thought.
Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of any specific book is allowed. 370-412 Index « • 413-415 I THE SPANISH ALPHABET VOWELS 1. Strictly speaking, therefore, they can not be said to be declined ; but it is found convenient to make a declension by means of prepositions.
Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner anywhere in the world. I PREFACE There are already extant several excellent grammars for the study of Spanish, but most of them present the subject with such a mass of details that it was thought there was room for a book which should give, in clear and concise outlines, the essential features of the language. Spanish vowels are uttered as clear simple sounds and not, as in English, with a vanish.
Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. Much objection has been latterly brought against treat- ing the pronunciation of foreign languages from the stand- point of English analogies, but the objectors so far have produced no system sufficiently simple and practical to take the place of such treatment. The vowel bearing the syllabic accent in each word is indicated by heavy type. Strong a varies between am ah and a in am : padre, acta, e varies between a in late and e in wh^re : dedo, jefe. Weak P ( y) ^^ ^ m fatigue : mf, 1 u as a in ru/e : mulo.
You can search through the full text of this book on the web at | //books .google .com/I 7-? 17 HARVARD UNIVERSITY LIBRARY OF THE Department of Education COLLECTION OF TEXT-BOOKS Contributed b; th« Publisber K TRANSFERRED harvard c" libr; I A SPANISH GRAMMAR FOR THE USE OF COLLEGES AND SCHOOLS BY SAMUEL GARNER, Ph. RECENTLY PROFESSOK OF MODERN LANGUAGES, UNITED STATES NAVAL ACADEMY •« £i qm quiere hablar bien, debe principiar por hablar mal,** NEW YORK:. CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY r HAMSf ERKFO TO HARVARD C^LI. Of course, nothing will prove a substitute for the living teacher; but even with such aid, the learner must be taught how to make the sounds which differ from those of his native language, and this, in most cases, can only be done by approxima- tion to and comparison with sounds already known. The most that he can do is to present in his own way such matter as will best contribute to his aims. Irregular verbs Defective verbs Irregular past participles Verbal idioms List of irregular verbs VII. 7 PAGES 3-6 7-8 SBCn ONS 6-9^ ID "-23/ 24-37 38-43 44-77 78-89 90-98 99-106 107-134 135-140 141-142 143-143^ 144-145^ 146-148 149-157 158-160 161-216 217-221 222-225 226-228 229 230-242 8 CONTENTS SECTIONS VIII.